Saturday, August 13, 2011

How can Singapore reduce carbon dioxide emission without using nuclear power in the near-term?

Singapore, on per capita basis, is ranked on the top of the nation on greenhouse gas emission. It currently has about 10 GWe of generating capacity and it is growing at about 5% per year. Singapore's dependency on oil and gas for power generation could put Singapore in deep trouble in war time when the shipments of oil and gas are interrupted. Even in peace time, the carbon tax to be imposed on advanced nations like Singapore is going to raise the price of electricity. Most nuclear power reactors such as PWR, BWR, CANDU and VVER are not suitable for small countries like Singapore because the power rating of these plants are too large for a reliable grid and building these plants requires a huge exclusion zone which Singapore does not have. However the pebble-bed high temperature reactor being deployed in China (Shidaowan, Shangdong) is an exception. The reactor is walk-away safe and it needs not containment or exclusion zone. It is also proliferation resistant. A 10 MW unit has been built on the outskirt of Beijing since 2000. It has been demonstrated to be pively safe in 2004 by shuting down the coolant flow without scram while it was in power operation. The reactor can safely remove its decay heat without any damage to the core. The coolant output temperature is 750 C and higher so the plant's thermal efficiency is 45% higher than conventional nuclear power. The high temperature output can also be used for petrochemical process heat and hydrogent generation. The output rating is 100 MWe and easily integrated in a smart power grid. So this type of reactor is very suitable for Singapore.

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